25.In the early 1950's，historians who studied preindustrial Europe （which we may define here as Europe in the period from roughly 1300 to 1800） began， for the first time in large numbers，toinvestigate more of the preindustrial European population than the 2 or 3 percent who comprised the politicaland social elite：the kings，generals，judges，nobles，bishops，and localmagnates who had hitherto usually filled history books.
二十世纪五十年代早期，研究前工业化年代欧洲（此处大家可将它界定为约自1300年至1800年这一时期的欧洲）的史学家，初次以海量的人数，开始调查前工业化年代欧洲人口中的大部分，而非那些构成了政治与社会精英阶层的百分之二或三的人口，即国王、将军、法官、贵族、主教、与地方上的达官显贵，而正是这部分人一直到那时为止常见充斥于史学著作。
26.Historians such as Le Roy Laduriehave used the documents to extract casehistories， which have illuminated1 the attitudes of different social groups （these attitudes include，but are notconfined to，attitudes toward crime andthe law）and have revealed how the authorities administered justice.
象勒罗伊。拉迪里（Le Roy Ladurie）一类的史学家借助这类文献史料从中挖掘出某些个案史（case history）来，说明了不同社会群体的态度（这类态度包含，但并不是局限于，对犯罪和法律的态度），并揭示出当局是怎么样实行审判的。
27.My point is that its centralconsciousness-its profound understanding of class and gender2as shaping influences on people's lives-owes much to that earlier literary heritage，a heritage that，in general，has not been sufficiently3 valued by most contemporary literary critics.
我的论点是，其作品的中心意识它将阶级和性别作为大家生活的决定性影响而作出的深邃理解在非常大程度上借鉴了那个早期的文学遗产，而这一遗产就总体而言还尚未获得大部分当代文学评论家的足够看重。
28.But achieving necessary matches in physical properties across interfaces4 between living andnonliving matter requires knowledge of which molecules5 control the bonding of cells to each other-an area that we have not yet explored thoroughly6.
但，要想沿着原生和非原生物质之间的界面获得生理特质的必要匹配，需要某种常识，即哪种分子控制着细胞彼此间的结合而对这一范围，大家尚没有进行充分的探索。
